China hosted both Fatah and Hamas for a meeting in April, although a scheduled June meeting was postponed.
Hamas announced on Tuesday it had signed an agreement in Beijing with other Palestinian organisations including rivals Fatah to work together for “national unity”, with China describing it as a deal to rule Gaza together once the war ends.
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, who hosted senior Hamas official Musa Abu Marzouk, Fatah envoy Mahmoud al-Aloul and emissaries from 12 other Palestinian groups, said they had agreed to set up an “interim national reconciliation government” to govern post-war Gaza.
“Today we sign an agreement for national unity and we say that the path to completing this journey is national unity. We are committed to national unity and we call for it,” Abu Marzouk said after meeting Wang and the other envoys.
The announcement comes more than nine months into a war sparked by Hamas’s 7 October attack on southern Israel, which resulted in the deaths of 1,197 people, mostly civilians, according to an AFP tally based on Israeli figures.
The militants also seized 251 hostages, 116 of whom are still in Gaza, including 44 the Israeli military says are dead.
Israel’s retaliatory military campaign in Gaza has killed 39,006 people, also mostly civilians, with a further 89,818 wounded, according to data from the health ministry in Gaza.
The relentless fighting has plunged Gaza into a severe humanitarian crisis.
China has sought to play a mediator role in the conflict, which has been rendered even more complex due to the intense rivalry between Hamas, which rules the Gaza Strip, and Fatah, which partially governs the Israeli occupied West Bank.
Israel has vowed to keep fighting until it destroys Hamas, and world powers including key Israeli backer the United States have scrambled to imagine scenarios for the governance of Gaza once the war ends.
Neither Israel nor the United States would sanction any post-war plan that includes Hamas, which is proscribed as a terrorist organisation by Washington.
While it is unclear whether the deal announced in Beijing on Tuesday can hold, it does indicate that the only world power that can engineer a rapprochement between the Palestinian rivals is China.
As Tuesday’s meeting wrapped up in Beijing, Wang said the groups had committed to “reconciliation”.
“The most prominent highlight is the agreement to form an interim national reconciliation government around the governance of post-war Gaza,” Wang said after the factions signed the “Beijing declaration” in the Chinese capital.
“Reconciliation is an internal matter for the Palestinian factions, but at the same time, it cannot be achieved without the support of the international community,” Wang said.
Fatah official Mahmoud al-Aloul thanked China for its “unending support” for the Palestinian cause.
“To China, you have our love, you have all our friendship, from all the Palestinian people,” he said.
Notably, he did not mention whether any agreement had been reached with Hamas and the other factions.
Also present at Tuesday’s meeting were envoys from Egypt, Algeria and Russia, according to Wang.
Egypt, which neighbours Israel and Gaza, is a key mediator in the conflict.
Algeria is a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, and has drafted resolutions on the war.
And while Western powers have sought to isolate Russia over its Ukraine invasion, China has maintained its strategic partnership with Moscow.
‘Peace and stability’
China, Wang said, was keen to “play a constructive role in safeguarding peace and stability in the Middle East”.
He also called for a “comprehensive, lasting and sustainable ceasefire”, as well as efforts to promote Palestinian self-governance and full recognition of a Palestinian state at the UN.
Hamas and Fatah have been bitter rivals since Hamas fighters ejected Fatah from the Gaza Strip after deadly clashes that followed Hamas’s resounding victory in a 2006 election.
Fatah controls the Palestinian Authority, which has partial administrative control in the Israeli-occupied West Bank.
Several reconciliation bids have failed, but calls have grown since the Hamas October attack and nine-month war in Gaza, with Israeli raids and settler violence against Palestinians also soaring in the West Bank where Fatah is based.
China hosted Fatah and Hamas in April but a meeting scheduled for June was postponed.
China has historically been sympathetic to the Palestinian cause and supportive of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
China has positioned itself as a more neutral actor on the Israel-Palestinian conflict than its rival the United States, advocating for a two-state solution while also maintaining good ties with Israel.
And it has sought to play a greater role in the Middle East in recent years, facilitating last year’s historic rapprochement between Saudi Arabia and Iran.
